В современном мире реалии таковы, что правила английского языка для начинающих требуется знать даже тем, кто не владеет этим языком. Очень часто бывают ситуации, когда необходимо присутствовать на званом вечере или серьезных деловых переговорах с носителями английского языка, которые при этом не разговаривают по-русски.
И хотя на встрече планируется переводчик, но все-таки так важно и так хочется блеснуть парой английских фраз и при этом выглядеть благородно и воспитанно, словно на приеме у Ее Величества Королевы Великобритании.
Секреты правил английского языка
В английском языке тонкая семантика передается совершенно по-другому, чем в русском. Именно эти моменты вызывают сложности у начинающих изучать язык и также представляют трудности для тех, кто уже освоил базовый уровень.
Поэтому следует усвоить несколько правил этикета:
- Допускать ошибки для иностранцев — это нормально. Даже Ее Величество Английская Королева иногда ошибается.
- Важно не только что Вы говорите, но прежде всего, как Вы говорите. Улыбайтесь, улыбайтесь и еще раз улыбайтесь. Грамматическая ошибка, допущенная с приятным видом, произведет более благоприятное впечатление, чем правильные фразы с постным лицом.
- Существует несколько хитростей, которые можно запомнить, не зная языка. При общении именно эти тонкости выдадут хорошую грамматику и благородство.
Интересно почитать: мисс, миссис, мистер в английском и прочитайте про английский этикет.
Хитрости правил английского языка
Если использовать основные правила английского языка, которые можно просто понять, а не просто выучить – то успех обеспечен.
Итак, главные нюансы.
Использование артикля по правилам английского языка
Артикль несет великий смысл.
В английском языке есть два вида артикля:
Неопределенный: a или an. Слово an употребляется, если название предмета начинается с гласного звука. Таким образом артикль отделяется от слова. Он обозначает единичные или множественные предметы, которые можно посчитать и, которые неизвестны, тривиальны и однородны.
Определенный: the. Он выделяет предмет, понятие или явление среди многих. Поэтому если необходимо подчеркнуть важность чего-либо – то нужно просто употребить этот артикль. Простой пример: the Queen of Great Britain – Ее Величество Королева Великобритании.
Использование глаголу to be
Известная цитата принца Датского из поэмы не менее известного Уильяма Шекспира демонстрирует, зачем нужен этот глагол: быть или не быть. Глагол быть в некоторых языках опускается, но негласно он присутствует. Он означат: существовать, иметь место, быть. Именно этот вопрос, которым и озадачивался Гамлет.
Сказать по-английски: Я – Катя, можно так: I am Kate или Я есть Катя, или Я являюсь Катей.
Одно из мудреных правил английского языка заключается в том, что этот глагол – неправильный и спряжение у него индивидуальное. В том числе и спряжение в настоящем времени.
Формы глагола в настоящем времени:
- Я — am
- Вы или Ты — are
- Он — is
- Мы — are
- Они – are
Личные границы важнее всего
Ни в коем случае нельзя нарушать личные границы: это не этично.
Некрасиво:
- Брать Ее Величество Английскую Королеву за руку
- Прикасаться к людям без их согласия
- Спрашивать их о религии, личной жизни или болезнях
И, наоборот, необходимо:
- Выпить с Королевой чаю, как Юрий Гагарин. Даже если что-то невозможно сделать – то Королева сделает это. Например, размешает сахар ложкой в чае.
- Сделать что-нибудь доброе и приятное для собеседника.
- Спросить человека, что можно для него сделать.
Это значит, что есть вещи, которые нельзя делать, и которые важно делать. По-английски это будет звучать to do.
Существуют утвердительная и отрицательная форма:
- To do it – сделать это
- Do not do it или сокращенная форма don’tdo it – не делать. Важно: в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях добавляется еще один глагол to do, который является вспомогательным.
Пример: How do yo do? – Как ваши дела? Здесь первый глагол do является вспомогательной частицей.
Окончание s в настоящем времени для третьего лица
Правильные глаголы в настоящем простом времени имеют ту же форму, что и в неопределенной форме. Но, если они употребляются в третьем лице и единственном числе – то необходимо прибавить одну букву в конце – s или es, если слово оканчивается на s.
Пример: I can sit down, when The Queen sits down – Я могу сидеть, когда сидит Королева.
Необходимость обозначить принадлежность вещей по правилам английского языка
Вещи могут принадлежать кому-то или быть частью чего-то. Одушевленность, как и важность персоны передается в английском языке другими способами.
Так чтобы передать:
- Кому принадлежит вещь нужно поставить ‘s
- Чему принадлежит вещь – нужно использовать предлог of.
Пример:
The Queen’s plate – Тарелка Королевы. Кстати, здесь важно поставить артикль the – так как четко понятно, что это конкретная и очень важная тарелка во всем мире.
A plate of service – это всего лишь одна тарелочка из сервиза.
Много мелких предметов могут создать суету
Как в русском языке, так и в английском есть множественная и единичная форма существительных имен.
То есть может быть:
- Одна Королева – The Queen
- Или много Королев – The Queens
Когда много королев, то в них сложно разобраться, что создает суету. Суета передается буквой s.
Все хорошее когда-нибудь заканчивается
Правила английского языка предполагают множество времен, в которых новичку можно запутаться. Но все не так сложно.
Существует три основных времени, так же как и в России:
- Настоящее – Present
- Прошедшее – Past
- Будущее – Future
Но в отличие от русского языка эти времена имеют нюансы или расширенные возможности:
- Simple — простой вариант, то что просто есть, было или будет.
- Continuous – продолженный вариант, то что длится, длилось или будет длиться некий период времени.
- Perfect — совершенный. То что стало совершенным в любой момент времени.
Для начала лучше разобраться в простых вариантах. Так, форма настоящего простого времени в большинстве случаев совпадает с неопределенной формой, и лишь для третьего лица прибавляется окончание s. Для обозначения прошедшего времени прибавляется окончание ed для правильных глаголов. А неправильные варианты – они и ведут себя неправильно, их нужно просто выучить.
The dinner ended – Званый обед подошел к концу.
По строгим правилам английского языка многое можно делать, а многое – нет
Можно, нужно и мочь – это модальные глаголы.
Они имеются также и в английском:
- Must – должен. Глагол выражает строгий вариант долга.
- Have to – форма глагола to have или оборот, который обозначает долг в мягком виде или необходимость что-то сделать из-за внешних обстоятельств. То, чему следует следовать.
- Should — нужно, необходимо. Этот глагол тоже можно перевести, как слово следовать, но оно будет иметь более строгий оттенок.
- Can – мочь. Глагол строгую возможность сделать что-либо.
- May – мочь. Это слово обозначает мягкую возможность.
Зная эти нюансы и выучив немного лексического запаса, можно с легкостью общаться на английском в быту. И при этом показывать высокое воспитание и благородство.
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